1980 African American Education Essay

*In 1988, the enrollment of black men declined, while it increased for women. There were 179,000 black women in college, then black men. Percentage of highs school graduates going to college 1960-1970: Males exceeded women 1980’s: women overtake men and never lost the lead Popular concentration in education in the 1980’s 1981: business and management were the most popular of all black bachelor’s degree recipients. 13,325 blacks earned a bachelor’s degree in business and management (40% earned in historically black colleges). See more: Old Age Problem essay The Black and White Gap â€Å"The average scores of black students have remained well below those of whites, and at age 17, the reading achievement of black students was lower last year than it was in 1988Ââ€"a depressing reversal of the gains made over the previous two decades,† Michael T. Nettles, the vice chairman of the National Assessment Governing Board, said at a press conference held here late last month to release the results. The independent panel oversees National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP). In just about every age group and in every subject, the test-score gap between white and African-American students has grown since 1986, reversing a trend in which the discrepancies decreased from the time the exams were first given in 1969, 1971, and 1973. Since the mid-1980s, gaps in several subjects and age groups have grown by statistically significant amounts. Resegregation occurring again â€Å"Studies finds the causes for resegregation stemming from a number of social and political factors: a series of court rulings beginning in the late 1980s that reversed many of the desegregation orders, the growing isolation of whites in suburban schools, and the increasing segregation of blacks and Hispanics in suburban schools.† Study suggest that students do better with same race teachers. Both black and white children score higher on mathematics and reading tests when their teachers are the same race as they are, a study of 6,000 Tennessee schoolchildren suggests. 1980 African American Education Essay Percentage of highs school graduates going to college 1960-1970: Males exceeded women 1980’s: women overtake men and never lost the lead Popular concentration in education in the 1980’s 1981: business and management were the most popular of all black bachelor’s degree recipients. 13,325 blacks earned a bachelor’s degree in business and management (40% earned in historically black colleges). The Black and White Gap â€Å"The average scores of black students have remained well below those of whites, and at age 17, the reading achievement of black students was lower last year than it was in 1988Ââ€"a depressing reversal of the gains made over the previous two decades,† Michael T. Nettles, the vice chairman of the National Assessment Governing Board, said at a press conference held here late last month to release the results. The independent panel oversees National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP). See more:  Unemployment – problems and solutions essay   In just about every age group and in every subject, the test-score gap between white and African-American students has grown since 1986, reversing a trend in which the discrepancies decreased from the time the exams were first given in 1969, 1971, and 1973. Since the mid-1980s, gaps in several subjects and age groups have grown by statistically significant amounts. Resegregation occurring again. â€Å"Studies finds the causes for resegregation stemming from a number of social and political factors: a series of court rulings beginning in the late 1980s that reversed many of the desegregation orders, the growing isolation of whites in suburban schools, and the increasing segregation of blacks and Hispanics in suburban schools.† Study suggest that students do better with same race teachers. Both black and white children score higher on mathematics and reading tests when their teachers are the same race as they are, a study of 6,000 Tennessee schoolchildren suggests.

Cultural Dimensions Essay

1)Give the definition and objectives of â€Å"your† cultural dimensions (what does the dimension measure? what do you want to measure? For instance : ability to work in groups, individual empowerment †¦ (for the individual/collective dimension). Diffuse and Specific orientated cultures – The most apparent difference is the ability to separate private from professional life. In diffused cultures, the private and professional lives are closely linked whereas specific cultures keep them separate. Additionally, specific cultures promote directness, precision, and transparency. Also, people from specific orientated cultures are able to remove themselves from a situation in regards to principles and values. This means that specific orientated cultures encourage objectivity. This is in contrast with the diffuse orientated culture that is more indirect and highly subjective. Furthermore, it can be said that this culture is more informal and social-orientated. 2)Illustrate the dimension referring not only to the professional life. Describe situations in which the dimension may impact behaviors. For instance : when somebody cries in the classroom,†¦ (for the neutral/ affective dimension). For example, if a manager is invited to dinner by employees, in a specific-orientated culture, the manager might decline the invitation as he or she wouldn’t feel it is appropriate whereas in a diffuse orientated culture this might be seen as an opportunity to bring informality to the relationship. So in a company based in Germany, this invitation would be seen as inappropriate because Germany has a more specific culture whereas in Finland this wouldn’t necessarily be frowned upon as it is more diffuse orientated. 3)In order to measure â€Å"your† dimension among persons of different nationality, prepare a series or questions (MCQ or Yes/No type are easier to analyze).

Destination brand positioning Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Destination brand positioning - Assignment Example Destination personality is helpful in building firm destination brands and creating a unique identity. According to the self-congruity theory, it is fundamental to use the target personality as a practical symbol for building strong brands (Lubbe, 2003). It further elaborates that a high match between brand and consumers personality can yield a more promising attitudes towards the brand. The emergence of the internet has tremendously helped in meeting the information need of both actual and potential customers. This is so due to its unique features such as worldwide accessibility, low cost, and increased marketing opportunities. However, it has also altered the way of destination as a product created marketed, maintained and delivered to its customers. According to Lube (2003), destination positioning is the process of establishing and maintaining a distinctive place in the market for an individual or organization product offering. In order to develop a positioning strategy, there are quite a number of procedure which an organization must follow. These includes internal analysis, market analysis, and competitor analysis. A lot of debates have been there concerning the issue of destination positioning. Therefore, it is important for service managers to identify how what their concepts are, how they should satisfy the wants of the customers in different markets amongst others. The success of global competition in the tourism industry depends on the factor conditions and the drivers of competitiveness. An econometric model is very helpful in the estimation of the destination competitiveness empirical index at a micro rank (Donald & Gammack, 2007). The survey points majorly on the measure of tourist demand for each destination and ide ntification of the factors that drive the transformation on the demand schedule in

What is Pirandello implying in this allegory by having characters in Essay

What is Pirandello implying in this allegory by having characters in search of an author. What does the theater of theater implies - Essay Example It also played on Broadway in New York City in 1922. Six Characters has been classified a satirical tragicomedy, meaning that its purpose was satire, but with elements of both comedy and tragedy. This play, as well as many of Pirandello’s other plays and novels, is also considered a forerunner of Theatre of the Absurd, an important artistic movement of the mid-twentieth century and developed by authors like Samuel Beckett and Edward Albee. There is much Theatre of the Absurd in Six Characters. Pirandello, like many later absurdists, rejected realism in drama and art and substituted it with symbolic representations on stage. According to Pirandello, the characters in Six Characters represented the creative process he went through when creating characters. It is fitting that this play’s setting is the rehearsal of another play, one that just happened to also be written by Pirandello, The Rules of the Game. Setting the setting of a play within another play is a common practice today, but not during Pirandello’s day, when it was unheard of and truly absurd. In an essay Pirandello wrote in 1925, about the process of creating Six Characters in Search of an Author, he said, â€Å"The mystery of artistic creation is the mystery of birth itself† (n.p.). He likened the creation of characters to the experience of giving birth. He rejected realism in theatre and drama, so he imagined that his characters, as a result of his creation of them, were actual living entities. The six characters in this play are physical representations of that concept. Even the Director, who goes about helping the characters find the plot of their play, is confused about the reality of the plot and by the end of the play, is unsure about if what he has experienced really happened. The first audience’s experience seems to have imitated this character’s experience. Of course, for Pirandello,

Critically examine the use of special measures in criminal proceedings Essay

Critically examine the use of special measures in criminal proceedings for young people in England and Wales - Essay Example justice system as an offender, Justice Authorities must make sure they protect the young individuals from the harsh effects of the criminal justice system. The future of a young person and his welfare must be the most important features considered by the justice system while handling offenders. Punishment especially incarceration should to a larger extent be aimed at correcting the antisocial behaviours of the young offender rather than obtaining a measure of revenge for the person or community offended by the individual. In contrast, Children can become involved in the criminal justice delivery process as witnesses. Unlike offenders most of the underage individuals who witness crimes are innocent. The vulnerability of children makes is more important for justice authorities to make provisions for them where their evidence is important in getting criminals convicted. From the questioning by police investigators to the final appearance in the courtroom the process of giving evidence for crime can be hallowing for young witnesses. Additionally, criminals are known to threaten those who testify against them to instil fear in them or prevent them from presenting evidence that could condemn them. Over time the governments of England and Wales have developed policy that addresses the unique challenges involved in ensuring justice prevails for youth offenders and witnesses alike. Criminal justice for juvenile offenders has managed to put the consideration of the young offenders first. The education and young life of child offenders is not significantly affected by punishment. However, concern continues to mount that the adversarial criminal justice system continues to victimise juvenile witnesses and young victims of violent crime in the search of a defendant’s convictions or proof of innocence. This paper concentrates on the need to further protect child witnesses from the negative effects of involvement in a harsh adversarial justice system. This paper discusses

The constitution of the United States Research Paper

The constitution of the United States - Research Paper Example In addition, the US’ constitution’s interpretation, political stability, principal nature of the constitution, and its invariability have become the most important distinctiveness that have guided the civilization process that the country has undergone in order to become the world’s super-power. This expose elucidates on the United States constitution while considering its contents and drafting process as a basis for discussion. Importantly, the constitution drafting occurred during a time that the country faced the problems of peacetime government, which is the period between 1775 and 1783.1In effect, this underlines the emphasis that nations draft their constitutions. In this regard, it is evident that most nations drafted their constitutions during a time of conflict or during crisis that the nations wanted to resolve. In effect, America’s constitution was a result of leading political leaders such as George Washington and Alexander Hamilton who led the discussion on how to create a strong government that enforced laws that aimed at making the country powerful and united. In effect, these statesmen wanted a nation that negotiated with the Indian tribes who were the native communities in the country, a government that addressed the payment of a large national debt. In addition, it was important to bring the nation together in order to pay the large national debt that the country was facing. This way, the constitution was essential in helping the nation pay its debts by regulating trade within and outside its boundaries and collecting taxes, which could not be possible without a new constitution.3 In this regard, the Articles of Confederation failed to specify the laws that authorized the government to collect taxes from its citizens. It is important to consider the representative nature that led to the drafting and writing of the US constitution. In this regard, the very nature of the authors of the constitution makes it a document to behold by citizens and residents of the US since it contains a rich history regarding the drafters. In this case, the authors of the constitution were the founding fathers who became the Framers of the constitution.4 The framers constituted special delegates who represented different States, ethnic groups, professions, and different backgrounds, which enhanced their representativeness of diversity in the US. In effect, the group involved people and professions as diverse as it involved retired soldiers, ordinary citizens, politicians, jurists, diplomats, and teachers, retired soldiers whose role was to review the Articles of Confederation and effectively formulated the Constitution of the United States.5 In effect, the diverse nature of the Framers ensured the input of all Americans to develop the document that has shaped the American life through different periods. The role of the Framers was not to draw the constitution of the United States. However, the constitutional conventional that Hamilton helped bring and met in Philadelphia, in 1787 was expected to revise the Articles of Confederation, which acted as the law in the United States.6 Nonetheless, the delegates in the conventional, that later became to be known as the Framers, embarked on a process that aimed at writing a plan for

Global Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Global Economics - Essay Example Such was the case that by the end of 2002, a trend of account deficit has been established with statistics citing that foreign direct investment leads the US investment abroad by $2,387 billion. (Bureau of Economic Analysis) The lead has the tradition of roughly doubling year after year. â€Å"Attracted by the prospect of higher yields, foreigners channel their savings into the United States and fill the growing wedge between domestic investment and savings. In the process, aggregate demand also expands, causing the current account deficit to widen.† (Humpage 2004) We cite a specific example: During 1990s, â€Å"three interrelated factors are primarily responsible for most of the decline in the current-account balance since 1991. One was the relatively rapid growth of income in the United States compared with that in other major industrialized countries over most of the period. Another important factor was a surge in foreign demand for dollar assets in the late 1990s, which contributed to a higher dollar exchange rate and lower U.S. interest rates. Finally, a drop in the national saving rate owing to a rising federal deficit has helped push the current-account balance lower since 2001.† (CBO, 2004) The current account deficit poses a problem in several ways. One of the biggest consequences here is the idea that foreign investors and savers have established a significant financial claim on the United States and its domestic resources. (Allen, p. 145) In equal gravity, â€Å"the United States has slipped – suddenly and dramatically – from being the world’s largest creditor country to being the world’s largest debtor.† (Bryant and Holtham, p. 57) On a more specific note, Bryant and Holtham illustrated that with regards to merchandise trade deficit, there is a threat of recession when there is an excess of imports over exports as it significantly drags down the economy. By the end of 2006 it is projected that

The Vietnam War Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

The Vietnam War - Research Paper Example The war resulted in over 2 million civilian casualties and came to an end with the defeat of South Vietnam and (but) eventually the country was unified (Pillai). The roots of the war date back to the colonial rule of Vietnam by the French. During World War II, the Japanese defeated the French and took control of Vietnam after which despite several attempts the French failed to reimpose their colonial rule. After a 9 year struggle (from 1946 to 1954) of the Vietnamese Army for independence against the French colonial rule, the Geneva Accords of 1954 divided the country into North and South Vietnam. After the partition, North Vietnam was supported by China and The Soviet Union and South Vietnam was obviously supported by the United States. United States President Dwight Eisenhower and Vice-President Richard Nixon justified their support for the South Vietnam by putting forward the Domino Theory, which said that if one country falls to communism the others in the region would follow suit and then communism would spread rapidly across the world (Domino Theory). The war took off when a Pro-American Ngo Dinh Diem came to power in South Vietnam. He was anti-communist and was a perfect candidate to be supported by the United States for their plan to establish an anti-communist government in the South. Diem was popular amongst the Catholics in Vietnam but he faced serious resistance by the non-Christians Vietnamese. To keep Diem in power, the U.S started sending exorbitant amounts of military aid to protect Diem’s regime.... It was fought between the North Vietnam (Communist) and South Vietnam (United States). The war resulted in over 2 million civilian casualties and came to an end with the defeat of South Vietnam and (but) eventually the country was unified (Pillai). The roots of the war date back to the colonial rule of Vietnam by the French. During World War II, the Japanese defeated the French and took control of Vietnam after which despite several attempts the French failed to re-impose their colonial rule. After a 9 year struggle (from 1946 to 1954) of the Vietnamese Army for independence against the French colonial rule, the Geneva Accords of 1954 divided the country into North and South Vietnam. After the partition, North Vietnam was supported by China and Soviet Union and South Vietnam was obviously supported by the United States. United States President Dwight Eisenhower and Vice-President Richard Nixon justified their support for the South Vietnam by putting forward the Domino Theory, which s aid that if one country falls to communism the others in the region would follow suit and then communism would spread rapidly across the world (Domino Thory). The war took off when a Pro-American Ngo Dinh Diem came to power in South Vietnam. He was anti-communist and was a perfect candidate to be supported by United States for their plan to establish an anti-communist government in the South. Diem was popular amongst the Catholics in Vietnam but he faced serious resistance by the non-Christians Vietnamese. To keep Diem in power, the U.S started sending exorbitant amounts of military aid to protect Diem’s regime. This marked the American military presence in the region which increased dramatically over time. It is popular belief that Diem

Selzer Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Selzer - Assignment Example Through the story, the lesson learnt is that the narrator and other doctors invented this parrot fever disease and advised the public of its negative influence on people. So it seems as if this doctor was also a journalist â€Å"the parrot fever made malady out to be virulent, mysterious and exotic despite the fact that, the diseases was not baffling: it had been identified in the nineteenth century† (Warren, 611 pp). For patients, it seems, parrot fever instills fear than any other thing in the world. Some people even get more worried than the parrot itself (Warren, 608 pp). Considering the history of the doctor and the patient, the doctor’s is more important in relation to that of the patient. It is the doctor that first discovers the about the parrot disease and then raises public awareness through the New York time magazine. It is a gesture to let people know facts about the fever and consequentially, treats the infected patients. In conclusion, therefore, this story of parrot fever disease as presented, it is prudent to note the educational importance to every reader and pet rears. This paper has the message to all those who keep parrots to be aware of its disease that can prove to be deadly to both the parrot and the entire family. Therefore, it is imperative to consult a pet doctor when buying a pet for a home, for any communicable disease. Where there is a pet already, it is healthy to visit a doctor for a